Dear Poultry Farmers , please remember if “ Good Quality Raw Materials comes inside your feed mill then only Good Quality Feed can goes out of Feed Mill “ which can be achieved by purchasing good Raw Materials , si
The Components of poultry Feed
The basic components of poultry feed can grossly be identified as ……
- Raw Materials
- Feed Additives
- Feed Manufacturing Process
- Quality Control ( QC ) & Quality Assurance ( QA )
Dear Poultry Farmers , please remember if “ Good Quality Raw Materials comes inside your feed mill then only Good Quality Feed can goes out of Feed Mill “ which can be achieved by purchasing good Raw Materials , similarly you can make cheap poultry feed by implementing good purchasing policy only .
To prepare the poultry feed we will start with introduction of different raw materials which we commonly use to prepare the poultry feed .
Chapter 1 Raw Materials
Depending on the quantitative Nutrient Levels different Raw Materials can be termed as
- Energy Sources
- Cereal Grains
- Grain Byproducts
- Industrial Byproducts
- Protein Sources .
- Vegetable Sources
- Animal Sources
- Energy Sources
- Cereal Grains :
- Maize :
Maize is the most important grain used by Poultry , supplying about one-third of the total feed which they consume . Maize ( Makka ) has become the Global standard against other cereals, cereal by-products which can be conventional/non-conventional .In most poultry diets, Maize will be the major contributor ( around 55 to 60% ) of metabolizable energy. Maize is very susceptible for infestation with Mycotoxin producing fungi than any other grains .( wheat , Bajara or Rice )
IMAGE NO.1.1 GOOD QUALITY MAIZEIMAGE NO.1.2 GOOD QUALITY MAIZE
While purchasing Maize , please provide purchase parameters to your suppliers in writing , which will be as ..
Moisture % - 14% Max ( Less than 12% preferred )
Material must be free from fungus , small & Partially eaten by weevils Grains , Bad Odor .
Material must be free of pesticides ,free from weevils and fungus infestation
Dear Farmers Please remember that if the materials look good to your eyes and smells good to your senses , usually that materials found to be good .
To be well aware of good quality Maize , you must aware of bad quality first .
FUNGUS INFESTATION Partially eaten by weevils Grains
IMAGE NO.1.3 BAD QUALITY MAIZE IMAGE NO.1.4 BAD QUALITY MAIZE
- Wheat :
Wheat is used primarily for human consumption and sometimes used as the replacement energy source to Maize in poultry diets , if price parity permits. There is also confusion regarding the exact type of wheat being used, because wheats are described in a number of different ways . In terms of feeding value, the main criteria are whether wheat is soft or hard, because this will have an effect on composition, and especially on protein.
Hard wheats have a high percentage of protein associated with the starch and so contain more protein that is also higher in lysine. The physical hardness of these wheat is due to the strong binding between starch and the more abundant protein.
When Wheat or broken Wheat is cheaper than Maize at least by Rs.3.50/kg , think of buying it .
IMAGE NO.1.5 GOOD QUALITY WHEAT IMAGE NO.1.6GOOD QUALITY WHEAT
While purchasing Wheat , please provide purchase parameters to your suppliers in writing , which will be as ..
Moisture % - 10% Max ( Less than 08 % preferred )
Material must be free from fungus , small & Partially eaten by weevils Grains , Bad Odor Material must be free of pesticides ,free from weevils and fungus infestation .
Dear Farmers Please remember that if you get the Wheat/Broken Wheat quality similar to what we get for human consumption and cheaper as mentioned above , you must use it with addition of Xylanase enzyme to reduce down the feed price .
IMAGE NO.1.7 BAD QUALITY WHEAT IMAGE NO.1.8 BAD QUALITY WHEAT
- Rice ( Broken Rice /Param ):
Rice unfit for human consumption, or damaged samples are available for Poultry feed . Compare to Maize Rice is a relatively low quality ingredient for poultry, containing only 7 – 8 % CP and providing just 2650 – 2700 kcal ME/kg .
Broken Rice is a by product of the milling industry due to which the quality is variable .
Rice ,Broken rice or Param can be used in Poultry feed up to 10-15% depends on the price difference compare to Maize .
IMAGE NO.1.9 GOOD QUALITY BROKEN RICE IMAGE NO.1.10 GOOD QUALITY RICE
While purchasing Rice ,Broken rice or Param, please provide purchase parameters to your suppliers in writing , which will be as ..
Moisture % - 11% Max ( Less than 10 % preferred )
Material must be free from fungus , small & Partially eaten by weevils Grains , Bad Odor.
Material must be free of pesticides ,free from weevils and fungus infestation
Sand silica should be less than 5%
If price parity against Maize is Good , we can use it to reduce down the feed rate .
IMAGE NO.1.11 MODERATE QUALITY BROKEN RICE
4 . Jawar ( Sorghum ) :
In many ways , Jawar is almost comparable to Maize in feeding value , although on average, its energy value will be slightly less and more protein % than Maize . For those not wanting any marked degree of pigmentation of eggs or skin, Jawar offers the best high energy alternative to corn.
Jawar protein is deficit in Lysine ,Methionine and Arginine .
Jawar can be used in Poultry feed up to 10-15% depends on the price difference compare to Maize .
IMAGE NO.1.12 MODERATE QUALITY JAWAR
While purchasing Jawar, please provide purchase parameters to suppliers in writing , which will be as ..
Moisture % - 11% Max ( Less than 10 % preferred )
Material must be free from fungus , small & Partially eaten by weevils Grains , Bad Odor
Material must be free of pesticides ,free from weevils and fungus infestation
If price parity against Maize is Good , we can use it to reduce down the feed rate .
IMAGE NO.1.13 GOOD QUALITY JAWAR
- Bajra ( Pearl Millet ) :
Bajra can be used as a sole source of energy in poultry feed so the feeding value of Bajra is almost 95 – 96% . The protein content of Bajra is usually around 11 – 12%, although much higher levels to 14 % are sometimes observed .
IMAGE NO.1.14 BAJRA ( NORMAL SIZE ) IMAGE NO.1.15 BAJRA ( SMALL SIZE )
Dear Farmers , please remember that we need to take extra precautions while using Bajra as Bajra needs to be double grind when added in feed formulations.
While purchasing Bajra , please provide purchase parameters to your suppliers in writing , which will be as ..
Moisture % - 11% Max ( Less than 10 % preferred )
Material must be free from fungus , Bad Odor .
Material must be free of pesticides ,free from weevils and fungus infestation
If price parity against Maize is Good , we can use it to reduce down the feed rate .
- Grain Byproducts :
- Rice Bran ( Rice Polishing ) :
Rice by-products are the result of dehulling and cleaning of brown rice, necessary for the production of white rice as a human food.Rice bran is one of the most common cereal byproducts available to the feed industry, In the process of preparing white rice, yields a product called rice bran, which itself is composed of about 30% by weight of rice polishings and 70% true bran.In some regions, the two products are separated, being termed polishings and bran .
The polishings are very high in fat content and low in fiber while the true bran is low in fat and high in fiber.The proportions of polishings and true bran in a mixed product will therefore have a major effect on its nutritive value .
IMAGE NO.1.16 GOOD QUALITY RICE BRAN IMAGE NO.1.17 GOOD QUALITY RICE BRAN
Rice Bran contains about 12-13% Protein and up to 16% Fat with 9 to 10% Fibre .Its a good source of energy and B-Complex group of Vitamins .
Please take precautions while storing Rice Bran , because of its high Oil Content and Lipotropic enzymes is prone to cause oxidative rancidity .
Rice Bran is necessary raw material in pallet feed manufacturing as it increases pallet mill output by providing lubrication to pallet mill die and press rolls and reduce dustiness , Improve palatability and appearance of feed .
While purchasing Rice Bran , please provide purchase parameters to your suppliers in writing , which will be as ..
Moisture % - 11% Max ( Less than 10 % preferred )
Fat % - 15 % Min .
Fibre % - 10% Max
Material must be free from husk , Rancidity Odor .
- De Oiled Rice Bran :
De oiled rice bran contains about 1% oil and is widely accepted in poultry feeds , particularly in Layer feed . Its protein content is slightly higher than of Rice bran and Energy content is about 1900 kcal/kg .
IMAGE NO.1.18 GOOD QUALITY DE OILED RICE BRAN
While purchasing De Oiled Rice Bran , please provide purchase parameters to suppliers in writing , which will be as ..
Moisture % - 10% Max ( Less than 08 % preferred )
Fat % - 1 % Min .
Fibre % - 12% Max
Material must be free from husk , Bad Odor .
Dear Farmers , please make point that in De Oiled Rice Bran , prefer small pallets ( 45% ) and Course Powder ( 55% ) . Do not buy big pallet De Oiled Rice Bran which is generally being used in Cattle feed .
iii . Industrial Byproducts :
- Oils and Fats :
Vegetable Oils and Animal fats are excellent sources of energy and the energy values are 8000 kcal/kg and 7700 kcal/kg respectively . Inclusion of Oils / Fats reduce dustiness , Improve palatability and appearance of feed . Vegetable oils also provides essential fatty acids .
Fats provide a concentrated source of energy, and so relatively small changes in inclusion levels can have significant effects on diet ME .
All fats and oils must be treated with an antioxidant which ideally should be added at the point of manufacture .
Oils :
- Vegetable Oils
A large range of vegetable oils is available as an energy source, although under most situations, competition with the human food industry makes them uneconomical for poultry feeds. Most vegetable oils provide around 8700 kcal ME/kg and are ideal ingredients for poultry .
- Palm Oil
Palm oil is highly saturated, and so will have limited usefulness for very young birds
- Coconut Oil
Coconut oil is a rather unusual ingredient in that it is a very saturated oil.Coconut oil is more saturated than is tallow.It contains 50% of saturated fatty acids with chain length less than 12:0.
- Animal Vegetable Blend
Some manufacturers mix animal and vegetable-based fats, to give so-called blended products. The vegetable source is usually soapstock material.The blend has the advantage of allowing for some synergism between saturated fatty acids of animal origin and unsaturates from the soapstock.Animal-vegetable blends are therefore ideally suited for most classes of poultry without the adverse problem of unduly increasing the unsaturates in meat which can lead to increased rate of oxidative rancidity.
- Restaurant Oil
An increasing proportion of feed fats is now derived from cooking fats and oils, and the generic product is termed restaurant grease.Its use has increased mainly due to problems of alternate disposal.
Fats :
- Tallow ( Not Recommended )
- Poultry Fat
This fat source is ideal for most types and ages of poultry in terms of its fatty acid profile.Due to its digestibility, consistent quality and residual flavor, it is in high demand by the pet food industry, and this unfortunately reduces its supply to the poultry industry.
- Fish Oil
There is wide interest in the use of fish oils in diets for humans and animals, due tolong chain fatty acids isbeneficial .Feeding moderate levels of fish oils to broiler chickens has been shown to increase in the body weight.However, with dietary levels in excess of 1%, distinct fish type odor is often present in both meat and eggs, which is due to the contribution of the omega-3 fatty acids .
Important Considerations:
Fats and oils are probably the most problematic of all the ingredients used in poultry feeds. They require special handling and storage facilities and are prone to oxidation over time. Their fatty acid profile, the level of free fatty acids and degree of hydrogenation can all influence digestibility. Unlike most other ingredients, fat digestion can be age dependent, since young birds have reduced ability to digest saturated and hydrogenated fats
Animal fats develop a slight rancid odour when peroxide levels reach 20 meq/kg while for vegetable oils problems start at around 80 meq/kg
While purchasing Oil , please provide purchase parameters to your suppliers in writing , which will be as ..
Moisture % - 1% Max ( Less than 1 % preferred )
Iodine Value – 100 Min.
Peroxide Value - 5 Max
FFA % – 10 to 12 Max
- Molasses :
Molasses is usually verified with a Brix number, measured in degrees, and these numbers relate very closely to the sucrose concentration in the product. Both cane and beet molasses contain about 46 - 48% sugar.
Although molasses contains relatively little energy and protein, it can be used to advantage to stimulate appetite and to reduce dustiness of feed. It is doubtful that molasses improves ‘taste’ of feed under these conditions, rather it presents a feed texture to the bird.A major problem with molasses is a very high potassium content, at 2.5 – 3.5%, which has a laxative effect on birds. While most birds perform well on balanced diets containing up to 2% molasses, inclusion levels much above 4% will likely result in increased water intake and increased manure wetness .
IMAGE NO.1.19Molasses
- Protein Sources .
- Vegetable Sources
- Soybean Meal :
Soybean meal has become the worldwide standard against which other protein sources are compared.Its amino acid profile is excellent for most types of poultry, and when combined with corn / sorghum, methionine is usually the only limiting amino acid.
IMAGE NO.1.20 GOOD QUALITY SOYBEAN MEAL
While purchasing Soybean Meal , please provide purchase parameters to your suppliers in writing , which will be as ..
Moisture % - 12% Max ( Less than 10 % preferred )
Protein % - 46 % Min .
Fibre % - 07% Max
Sand Silica % - 2 % Max
Min limit of urease activity = 0.1
Free from all toxin materials, urea,
overtoasted, charred & foul smell
- Rapeseed Meal /Mustard Meal :
It has been accepted by the feed industry as a high-quality feedstuff for poultry feed counter high prices of Soybean meal , particularly in CommercialLayer feed.
In terms of Nutrient Composition Rapeseed Meal /Mustard Meal has lower protein and energy than Soybean meal .
The combination of high fibre and lower energy values seriously limits the use of it in Broiler feed more than 2% , due to its Glucosinolate contentthe use of Rapeseed meal is often associated with a reduction in growth rate and poor palatability of feed , where as in Layer feed recommended to use not more than 5% .
IMAGE NO.1.21 Rapeseed Meal /Mustard Meal
While purchasing Rapeseed Meal /Mustard Meal, please provide purchase parameters to suppliers in writing , which will be as ..
Moisture % - 10% Max ( Less than 08 % preferred )
Protein % - 36 % Min .
Fibre % - 11% Max
Sand Silica % - 02 % Max
Free from castor, mahua & Aflatoxin
- Groundnut Extraction :
It has a poor amino acid profile compare to Soybean meal , moreover poorly balanced amino acids have low digestibility .
The problem of aflatoxin is main restrictions using it in poultry diet .Generally , groundnut meal is not recommended in Broiler Diets for fear of contamination with mycotoxin but high-quality groundnut meal can be used in Commercial Layers up to 3% , if price parity permits .
IMAGE NO.1.22 Groundnut ex
While purchasing Groundnut ex, please provide purchase parameters to suppliers in writing , which will be as ..
Moisture % - 10% Max ( Less than 08 % preferred )
Protein % - 44 % Min .
Fibre % - 12% Max
Sand Silica % - 02 % Max
Free from mahua & Aflatoxin
- Sunflower Cake :
Sunflower cake is having limiting factor of very high Crude fibre of more than 20% .Unlike Soybean meal ,Sunflower cake is high in Methionine but low in Lysine and Threonine , therefore this two ingredients when used together improves the amino acid balance of the feed .
Sunflower meal generally has lower amino acid digestibility than soybean meal , this should be calculated when Sunflower cake or meal is used to partially replace either Soybean meal or any other protein sources , if price parity permits .
IMAGE NO.1.23 Sunflower Meal /Cake
Sunflower meal is not recommended for use in high nutrient density broiler feed but can be included in Layer feed up to 3 to 5 % .
While purchasing Sunflower Meal /Cake, please provide purchase parameters to suppliers in writing , which will be as ..
Moisture % - 10% Max ( Less than 08 % preferred )
Protein % - 26 % Min .
Fibre % - 20 % Max
Sand Silica % - 02 % Max
Free from mahua & Aflatoxin
- Maize Gluten Meal :
Maize gluten meal contains around 60% CP and being high in protein, it is often compared to animal protein ingredients during formulation.The protein is merely a concentration of the original corn protein component brought about by removal of the starch in the endosperm.
Maize gluten meal is very deficient in lysine, although with appropriate use of synthetic lysine sources, the product is very attractive where high nutrient density is required.Gluten meal is also very high in xanthophylls pigments (up to 300 mg/g) and is a very common ingredient where there is a need to pigment poultry products .
While purchasing Maize Gluten Meal , please ensure that you get the Maize Gluten Meal ( 60% Protein ) and not the alternate Maize gluten feed which contains only 20% CP, due to dilution with various hull materials , so this must be differentiated based on protein content.
IMAGE NO.1.24 Maize Gluten Meal
IMAGE NO.1.25 Maize Gluten Feed
As you can notice , there is very negligible difference between Maize Gluten meal ( Above ) having 60% Protein andMaize Gluten Feed ( Below ) having only 20% protein , so you need to verify it before making payment to suppliers .
While purchasing Maize Gluten Meal, please provide purchase parameters to suppliers in writing , which will be as ..
Moisture % - 08 % Max ( Less than 06 % preferred )
Protein % - 60 % Min .
Fibre % - 04 % Max
Sand Silica % - 02 % Max
Free from fungus, lumps, mould & bad odor,
free flowing, Golden yellow color
- Gaur Korma /meal :
Gaur Korma /meal contains about 40% Crude Protein which is deficient in Methionine and to some extantin deficient in Lysine . Sometimes its being considered in formulations only because of its Protein content and when price parity allowed it can be used in poultry feed up to 2 to 3 % but sadly it gives particular Gaur smell to feed .
Its available in two categories as 1. Raw Gaur Korma 2. Roasted Gaur Korma
IMAGE NO.1.26Gaur Korma Raw
IMAGE NO.1.27Roasted Gaur Korma
While purchasing Gaur Korma / Meal, please provide purchase parameters to suppliers in writing , which will be as ..
Moisture % - 10 % Max ( Less than 8 % preferred )
Protein % - 40 % Min .
Fibre % - 07% Max
Sand Silica % - 02 % Max
Free from fungus, lumps, mould & bad odor,
- Animal Protein Sources :
In general Animal Protein sources are high in protein ,Lysine and Methionine , Calcium , Phosphorus than Vegetable protein Sources but its is liable to adulterated with Sand , Ureaetc. Unless Properly processed , Animal Protein Sources are potential sources of pathogenic microorganisms .
Dear Farmers , please remember that Animal protein Sources should not be used as a sole source of protein in Poultry diets .
- Meat and Bone Meal :
Meat and Bone Meal most commonly refers to animal by-products with bone where protein level is around 50% and calcium and phosphorus are at 8% and 4% respectively.
Meat and Bone Meal usually contain about 10-12% fat and the best quality meals will be stabilized with antioxidants such as ethoxyquin.
Another concern with Meat and Bone Meal is microbial content, and especially the potential for contamination with salmonella.
IMAGE NO.1.28Meat and Bone meal
While purchasing Meat and Bone meal, please provide purchase parameters to suppliers in writing , which will be as ..
Product must be sterilized
Moisture % - 08 % Max ( Less than 07% preferred )
Protein % - 46-48 % Min .
Fat % - 10 % Min
Calcium % - 08% Max
Phosphorus % -04 %
Sand Silica % - 01 % Max
Free from Salmonella, E-Coli, Clostridium
Free from fungus, lumps, mould & bad odor.
- Poultry Byproduct Meal :
PBM contains more unsaturated fats than does meat meal, and so if more than 0.5% fat remains in the finished product, it should be stabilized with an antioxidant.
Poultry by-product meal is produced essentially from waste generated during poultry meat processing.Because only one species is used, PBM should be a more consistent product than is meat and bone meal, and certainly calcium and phosphorus levels will be lower.
Poultry Byproduct Meal is extensively used in Pet Food , due to which it generally unavailable to poultry feed use .
IMAGE NO.1.29Poultry Byproduct Meal
While purchasing Poultry Byproduct Meal, please provide purchase parameters to suppliers in writing , which will be as ..
Product must be sterilized ,
Moisture % - 08 % Max ( Less than 07% preferred )
Protein % - 32 % Min .
Fat % - 18 % Min
Calcium % - 0.5% Max
Phosphorus % -01 %
Sand Silica % - 01 % Max
Free from Salmonella, E-Coli, Clostridium .
- Fish Meal :
Fish meal is usually an excellent source of essential amino acids, while energy level is largely dependent upon residual oil content. Because of variable oil and protein content, expected ME value can be calculated based on knowledge of their composition in the meal .
For young chicks, and especially the broiler chicken, a major concern with feeding fish meal, is gizzard erosion.A proportion of chicks fed almost any level of fish meal develop gizzard lesions, although there is a strong dose-response. Affected birds have signs ranging from small localized cracks in the gizzard lining, through to severe erosion and hemorrhage which ultimately leads to total destruction of the lining.
Potential problems in feeding fish meal are taint on both eggs and meat, and gizzard erosion in young birds.With inadequately heat-treated fishmeal, especially from fresh water fish, there is also the potential problem of excessive thiaminase activity , taint in eggs and meat can be detected by consumers when birds are fed much more than 4 – 5% fish meal.
Now very few poultry farmers are using Fish meal as protein source due to unavailability of good and consistent quality form suppliers .
IMAGE NO.1.30Fish Meal
While purchasing Fish meal, please provide purchase parameters to suppliers in writing , which will be as ..
Product must be sterilized
Moisture % - 08 % Max ( Less than 07% preferred )
Protein % - 50 % Min .
Fat % - 2 % Min
Calcium % - 07% Max
Phosphorus % -03 %
Sand Silica % - 05 % Max
Free from Salmonella, E-Coli, Clostridium
Free from fungus, lumps & bad odor.
Other than Energy and Protein sources , we require Sources of Calcium, Phosphorus and Sodium to prepare the feed .
- Calcium :
For calcium , we have three sources…
- Lime stone fine Powder
- Lime stone Grit
- Shell Grit
Constraints are not imposed on these ingredients because there are constraints imposed on minimum and maximum levels of calcium and phosphorus in a diet. There has been controversy in the past over the relative potency of limestone vs Shell Grit as sources of calcium, especially for the laying hen.Perhaps of more importance than the source of calcium, is particle size.Usually the larger the particle size, the longer the particle will be retained in the upper digestive tract.This means that the larger particles of calcium are released more slowly, and this may be important for the continuity of shell formation, especially in the dark period when birds are reluctant to eat .
Shell Grit isexpensive ingredient compare to limestone, but it offers the advantage of being clearly visible in the diet to the egg producer and so there is less chance of omission during feed manufacturing.Birds also have some opportunity at diet self-selection if Shell Grit is given, and this may be of importance in maintaining optimum calcium balance on egg-forming vs non egg-forming days .
Limestone should be in as large a particle size as can be readily manipulated by the bird’s beak.For laying hens, this means a fairly coarse crumble consistency.There has been some concern in recent years regarding the variability in solubility of limestone from various sources.
Limestone is available in two forms , Lime stone Powder and Limestone Grit , which we can incorporate 40:60 ratioin poultry diet .
IMAGE NO.1.31Lime Stone fine powder
IMAGE NO.1.32Lime Stone Grit
IMAGE NO.1.33Shell Grit
While purchasing Lime stone Powder & Lime Stone Grit , please provide purchase parameters to suppliers in writing , which will be as ..
Ca % - 37 % Min .
Sand Silica % - 05 % Max
For Shell Grit ,
Ca % - 36 % Min .
Sand Silica % - 05 % Max
Must be double acid washed .
- Phosphorus :
Phosphorus has more known functions than any other mineral element in the poultry . The close association of phosphorus with calcium in bone has already been proved .
For phosphorus sources we have options as …
- Rock DCP ( Di Calcium Phosphates )
Some rock phosphates contain various contaminants of concern for poultry.The most common of these is vanadium. At just 7 – 10 ppm of the diet, vanadium will cause loss in internal egg quality and hatchability.At slightly higher levels (15 – 20 ppm), there is a change in the shell structure where the shell takes on a somewhat translucent appearance, and appears more brittle.Rock phosphates can also contain as much as 1.5% fluorine.Because fluorine can influence calcium metabolism, this Rock base DCP is not recommended in poultry feed .
IMAGE NO.1.34Rock DCP
- Bone DCP ( Di Calcium Phosphates )
Though DCP has diverse applications, the most important one is in Poultry Feed. As it is Animal Bone based, it is an excellent Poultry Feed Supplement for the following reasons :
- Source of easily digestible Phosphorous and Calcium
- Source of bio-phosphorus
- Low Fluorine content
- High storage life due to low moisture and the absence of protein and fat
- Free flowing fine powder
IMAGE NO.1.35Bone base DCP
- MCP ( Mono Calcium Phosphates )
However, DCP is not the most effective form of feed grade phosphate. Increasingly livestock and poultry farmers are using monocalcium phosphate (MCP) due to its higher phosphorus content.
The MCP production process takes DCP to the next level. By reacting the DCP with purified feed grade phosphoric acid MDCP (a complex of mono- and dicalcium phosphate) the products phosphorous content is further improved, decreasing its Ca:P ratio .
IMAGE NO.1.36MCP
While purchasing DCP , please provide purchase parameters to suppliers in writing , which will be as ..
Ca % - 24 % Min .
Sand Silica % - 03 % Max
Av Phosphorus % -17%
For MCP ,
Ca % - 17 % Min .
Sand Silica % - 03 % Max
Av Phosphorus % -24%
- Sodium :
All poultry feeds will contain added salt, usually in the form of sodium chloride ( NaCL ).Where iodine is not added as a separate ingredient, iodized salt must be used . Because high levels of sodium chloride can lead to increased water intake, then a substitution of sodium bicarbonate ( SBC )for a portion of this chloride salt has been shown to be beneficial. Under these conditions, up to 30% of the supplemental salt can be substituted with sodium bicarbonate without loss in performance, and such birds often produce drier manure.
For substitutions of sodium bicarbonate for sodium chloride above 30%, care must be taken to balance dietary chloride levels, since under commercial conditions it is often difficult to add inexpensive sources of chloride other than salt.Chloride contributed by ingredients such as choline chloride and lysine-HCl should be accommodated during formulation
Ingredient % Na % Cl
Plain salt 39.0 60.0
Iodized salt 39.0 60.0 (I, 70 mg/kg)
Cobalt iodized salt 39.0 60.0 (I, 70 mg/kg; Co, 40 mg/kg)
Sodium bicarbonate27.00
IMAGE NO.1.37SALT
IMAGE NO.1.38 SODIUM BICARBONATE
Table No.1.1 Basic Nutrient Composition
Dear Farmers , when you are manufacturing feed , close evaluations of the raw materials are very important to achieve consistent good Quality . If the quality of the raw materials can be assessed before it is unloaded from the trucks , it would surely save both lots of trouble , losses and Money .
Raw Materials can be evaluate by two ways as Physical and Chemical …..
- Physical :
Those who do not have any lab tasting facility at the feed mill needs to evaluate the Raw Materials physically and to your guidance we have provided you the best possible photographs and selection parameters of each raw materials .
Physical evaluation is the easiest way or method to evaluate or check the incoming Raw Materials within short time , but may not be accurate as it depends on the experience of the particular person who is checking the Raw Material .
For physical evaluation one has to use his/her all the five senses synchronized with his/herexperiences
- Sight :
- Colour : Any change in colour of the material gives you indication of storage and processing conditions , Maturity , Contamination , Possible use of Insecticides /Fungicides and presence of toxins.
- Size : Size of the grain is an indicator of the energy value of the particular Raw Material . The smaller the grain lower is the ME value .At the same time weight of the grains can be used to evaluate the cereals ( Test Weight )
- Uniformity : The presence of Contaminants like husk , Broken grains , other variety grains ,weevil infested grains , percentage of big and small grains in total materials .
- Smell :
The person who checked or evaluate the raw materials should familiarize himself withboth the Normal and abnormal smell of the ingredients,any change with normal smell of the raw materials should be considered as “ suspicious “.
- Taste :
Each ingredient has a different taste , any change in taste of the raw materials should be considered as “ suspicious “. Bitterness in taste of the Raw Materials indicates the presence of mycotoxins . Salt level can be checkedby tasting of feed .
- Sound :
The characteristic sound of spilling of each Raw Materials are unique, the person who checked or evaluate the raw materials should familiarize himself withthis sounds .
- Touch :
Over a period of time by touching or holding any Raw Materials , you can develop the habit of guessing theMoisture or dryness levels . if you hold rice polish in hand and if it retains the shape like “ Ball ” , it indicates good percentage of fat and at the same time lower % of Crude fibre .
- Chemical :
It involves the Wet Chemistry Analysis i.e. Proximate Analysis of the raw materials ,the goal of feed manufacturing is to produce feed that meets intended specifications in nutritional Composition so the Quality Control and Assurance departments has emerged a critical feature in feed manufacturing .
The payment of most of the incoming Raw Materials is being paid as per the analysis of the particular ingredient , when we follow this System, we are able to save a great amount of money .( it saves a total expenditure of your lab incurred ).
As Compound feeds is a blend of various Raw Materials , the feed manufacturer need to find an optimum balance among different ingredients that will satisfy the Nutritional requirements of the birds , in order to achieve this , the feed manufacturer needs to keep an eye on the chemical composition and nutritional values of feedstuffs.
Hence a laboratory at the feed mill and right use of it can optimize both the Quality and Economics of feed manufacturing , a lab has a Key Role to play from Incoming Raw Materials to Out going Finished Feeds .
IMAGE NO.1.39 Feed Mill Laboratory
